CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA IS STILL A SIN TO PEOPLE

In India, the lists of classified matrimonial ads in the newspapers are almost endless. Caste is always mentioned, invariably. However, personal ads today also mention religious affiliations and professions. Doctors, engineers, even computer-software specialists are advertising in India for mates. The fact that the 3500-year-old caste system should survive in India today almost defies comprehension. It has been an aberration of the Hindu psyche. Indians who use lofty rhetoric about progress, characterizing their society as "united in diversity," seem to be simply perpetuating the system of social gradation that has blighted so many lives.

Social distinctions can still be discerned in modern India in many ways. Even a highly educated Brahmin physician (a Brahmin is a Hindu of the highest caste) wraps the wrist of a Sudra (or low-caste person) with a band of cloth before feeling for the patient's pulse. That way, the Brahmin will not to be "defiled" by touching the Sudra's skin. Low-caste people are forbidden to use the wells in villages that high-caste Brahmins use for fear they will pollute the water. A low-caste family is refused the right to bury a family member near their village, where both high and low castes live, because of a superstition that the dead person's ghost will haunt the high- caste people. And a Brahmin bachelor living in a state with only a few surviving Brahmin families has to wait for five long years while his parents search for a suitable mate of the same high caste as he.

A low-caste poverty-stricken street dweller.

An Ancient Institution While scholars differ on the origins of the caste system in India, they agree that it is a very ancient institution. Some speculate that both the complexion and the occupations of the Aryans who invaded India around 1500 B.C. contributed to the growth of the caste system. The Aryan invaders, who spoke Indo-European languages, are believed by some to have been a fair-skinned, blue-eyed ethnic type. They dominated the darker-skinned original residents and made them subservient, much as the British did many centuries later.

According to the traditional Hindu view, human beings were divided into four categories on the basis of their intrinsic qualities. The highest caste, the Brahmins, were the thinkers, philosophers, and priests whose role was to provide both spiritual guidance and intellectual sustenance to the society. Originally, they lived on the charity of the people, given in return for the performance of various rites. Next came the Kshatriyas, or Warriors, who were primarily concerned with the defense and governance of the state. The kings and rulers belonged to this caste. The third caste consisted of the Vaisyas, or Traders, who were involved in agricultural and commercial operations. In the fourth category were the Sudras, or Laborers. This caste, at the lowest rung of the hierarchical ladder, were responsible for various services, including menial jobs like scavenging and cleaning. They were considered "untouchable" and the three higher castes were not permitted to mingle with them. Marriage across caste lines was forbidden, and even now this taboo persists. Those who fall in love and marry in spite of the taboo risk excommunication from their castes.

This social system of gradation was given religious sanction by a verse in the ancient sacred writings of Hinduism and the earliest document of Indian history called the Rig Veda. Believed to have been composed between 1500 and 1000 B.C., it records that Brahmins came from the face of the creator, Kshatriyas from his arms, Vaisyas from his thighs, and Sudras from the soles of his feet. Members of the lowest caste were subjected to many restrictions in society.

Lower-caste women work all day picking weeds for a wage as low as 50 cents a day.

There are also references to the four castes in the ancient epics of Ramayanaand Mahabharata. A detailed description of the caste system is found in theManusmriti (Ordinances of Manu), named for its author. The Manusmriti, which dates from A.D. 700, is the most authoritative work on Hindu law. Centuries later, it was adopted by the British rulers in India. The status of the low caste continued to be degraded by the Brahmins. Even revolts against the high castes by religious leaders such as Mahavira (540-468 B.C.), the founder of Jainism, and Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.), the founder of Buddhism, failed to reduce the rigidity of the caste system because caste distinctions persisted in both religious sects. Caste distinctions persisted even during the period of Muslim rule in India (1206-1862). The attempts of other religions, including Christianity and Judaism, to eradicate the caste system did not succeed because class distinctions persisted even in their folds. The Beginnings of Change It was the Industrial Revolution that finally made a dent in the caste system and brought a new awareness to Indians that social mobility might be possible. Industrialization encouraged urbanization, as villager dwellers of both high and low castes moved into the cities for better jobs. There, they were introduced to new technologies. In the urban areas, the rigid, age-old ,caste- centered thinking gave way to a more liberal outlook, encouraging the mixing of castes without distinction. Trade unions and other associations had members from all castes working together. The British government of India had a considerable, transforming impact on the country's Hindu social structure. The British brought change by passing many important laws designed to aid the marginalized lower castes--laws such as the Hindu Act, the Caste Disabilities Act, and the Widow Remarriage Act. But the British could not find a lasting solution to the problem of castes, particularly since the British saw themselves as a privileged ruling class. The strongest, most systematic attack on the caste system has come in the twentieth century through the Constitution of India, adopted on November 26, 1949. India's constitution guarantees the right of all its citizens to justice, liberty, equality, and dignity. It has been a long and arduous journey from ancient caste distinctions based on Hindu philosophy and religious traditions to the constitutional pledge of a democratic government with equality, dignity, and justice for all human beings.

The Caste System Today Today, many lower-caste people--especially in rural villages--are still marginalized, with little access to education, limited resources, and unskilled or menial jobs as their only option. However, thanks to a long history of missionary schools and to various changes in government-sponsored education, many have become better educated and hold higher-paying jobs.

The "Holy Bath," a Hindu ritual, is a purification by water before worship. Large numbers of Hindu worshipers bathe in the Narmada River for the festival of Makar Sankranti.

At present, Indian society is characterized by an obsession with the kinds of development that would lead to a free-market economy. The growing economic success of some in India has created a chasm separating the rich from the poor, who make up about 56 percent of the population. Economists describe "two Indias"--one rich and one poor. India's caste system can no longer fully contain the socioeconomic change that the country is undergoing. Different religions, occupations, and levels of education are no longer correlated with caste. A high-caste person cannot be born a chief executive, for example, but must work to become one. A person of low caste may now get a good education and become an executive, a college professor, or even a government leader.

Indians who belong to the lower castes that were once considered "untouchable" now choose to call themselves by the name Dalit, meaning "oppressed," and signaling that they are actively resisting injustice. Dalits make up 18 to 20 percent of India's population. Only about 3 percent of India's population is Christian, but 50 percent of the Christian population is Dalit, according to Ms. Soosai Raj Faustina, a teacher and member of the Dalit Solidarity Peoples (DSP) National Working Committee. Foreign Christian missionaries have also had a history of helping Dalits with education and with economic development.

Rural India still presents a dismal picture of life for its low-caste people, though. A friend of mine, Dharamnath of Jagdalpur, a member of the Methodist Church and an excellent vocalist, says that the typical low-caste village family may have only one sari (a draped dress using several yards of cloth) for all its women. So, while one woman comes out the hut draped in the sari, four other women must wait inside for their turn to wear the same dress. They can only come out one by one. Faustina explains that, even though she teaches in a mixed school run by the Roman Catholic Church in Ongur, Dalits are still separated in the village. "Normally, Dalits are put on the east side of the village," she reports, "because the wind blows from west to east, and non-Dalits don't want to be contaminated by wind that has touched Dalits. All the institutions are in the non- Dalit area of the village. We are resisting these things," she adds. The Supreme Court of India in Delhi. Migrant populations flock to the outskirts of cities to find work.

A village girl holds her little brother. In fact, empowered by India's constitution, the Dalits have organized to push for change through legislation and social institutions. Public transportation, radio, and television have begun to have a modernizing impact, especially on children and youth, even in rural villages. But a lack of political will on the part of the state prevents some recommendations from being implemented. Also, villagers who travel to large cities in search of job opportunities are likely to encounter crime syndicates and mafia organizations there. Even in small towns, gangs have proliferated. Last year, the worst-ever massacre of Dalit and landless men, women, and children occurred in Bihar. Sixty people were killed by the Ranvir Sena, a self-styled armed militia of the upper-caste landed gentry, formed to crush the movements of Dalits and agricultural laborers

GATE-2013 EXAM INFORMATION

GRADUATE APTITUDE TEST IN ENGINEERING

(GATE), 2013

HERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY.......

For advanced engineering education in India. An M.E. or M.Tech. degree

is a desirable qualifi cation for our young Engineers seeking a rewarding

professional career. Engineering students, while in the fi nal year of their

degree course, spend considerable time seeking an opening for higher studies

in foreign universities, but there are also several institutions of repute in India

offering specialised post-graduate programmes in various disciplines.

The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all-India examination

administered and conducted in eight zones across the country by

the GATE Committee comprising Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National

Coordinating Board – GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry

of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India.

Admission to post graduate programmes with MHRD and some other

government scholarships/assistantships at Engineering Colleges/ Institutes

in the country are open to those who qualify through GATE. GATE

qualifi ed candidates with Bachelors degrees in Engineering / Technology

/ Architecture or Masters degrees in any branch of Science / Mathematics

/ Statistics / Computer Applications are eligible for Master / Doctoral

programmes in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Pharmacy as

well as for Doctoral programmes in relevant branches of Science.

To avail the scholarship, the candidate must additionally

secure admission to such a postgraduate programme, as per

the prevailing procedure of the admitting institution.

The GATE 2013 Committee has the authority to decide the qualifying

marks for each GATE paper.

GATE qualifi cation, however, is not required for candidates with Masters

degrees in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Pharmacy who may be

seeking scholarships / assistantships for relevant doctoral programmes.

For admission to postgraduate programmes with scholarships/

assistantships from the Ministry of Human Resources Development

and some other Govt. Agencies, a minimum weightage of 70% is given

to the GATE Score with the remaining weightage given to the student’s

academic performance in the qualifying exam and /or interview. The exact

procedure followed for the award of these scholarships/assistantships

will be defi ned by the respective Institution granting admission.

Some Institutions specify GATE as the mandatory qualifi cation even

for admission of self-fi nancing students to postgraduate programmes.

GATE qualifi ed candidates in Engineering disciplines are also eligible

for the award of Junior Research Fellowship in CSIR Laboratories. Some

government Organizations prescribe GATE qualifi cation as a requirement

for the posts of a Scientist/Engineer.

There is also an increasing trend of using the GATE score by some

universities as well as many Indian and Multi-national Companies for

recruitment. Many Public Sector Enterprises & Govt. Agencies

like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd; National Thermal Power

Corporation Ltd; Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd; ISRO Etc.,

have announced recruitment of a large number of engineers

(EE, EC, IN, ME) short listing applicants from GATE qualifi ed

candidates for further selection processes.

Date of Exam

The GATE exam is normally held on the second Sunday in February and

the results announced by the middle of March.

GATE Score

The GATE score becomes valid only after the candidate completes all

requirements of the qualifying degree. The GATE 2013 score will be valid

for two years from the date of announcement of results.

Details about the content of the GATE Scorecard will be made available

in the GATE websites at the appropriate time.

The GATE 2013 Committee has the authority to decide the qualifying

marks for each paper.

There is no provision for additional GATE Score cards.

Eligibility *

(a) Bachelor’s degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture

(4 years after 10+2) and those who are in the fi nal year of

such programmes.

(b) Master’s degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/

Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who

are in the fi nal of such programmes.

(c) Candidates in the third or fi nal year of the four-year Integrated

Master’s degree programme (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering/

Technology or in the fourth or fi nal year of the fi ve-year Integrated

Master’s degree programmes and Dual Degree programme

in Engineering/Technology.

(d) Candidates with qualifi cations obtained through an examination

conducted by professional societies recognized by the UPSC/

AICTE (for example AMIE by IE(1) or AMIE by ICE(1)) as

equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed Section

A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.

* Based on the notifi cation for GATE 2012

STRUCTURE OF GATE

There will be a single, fully objective-type paper of 3 hours’ duration

with 65 Questions for a total of 100 marks with negative marking

for each wrong answer at one-third of the marks allotted for that

question. The Question Paper will be in ENGLISH only.

1. Aerospace Engineering (AE) 12. Instrumentation Engg. (IN)*

2. Agricultural Engineering (AG)* 13. Mathematics (MA)

3. Architecture & Planning (AR) 14. Mechanical Engineering (ME)*

4. Bio Technology (BT)* 15. Mining Engineering (MN)*

5. Civil Engineering (CE)* 16. Metallurgical Engineering (MT)*

6. Chemical Engineering (CH)* 17. Physics (PH)

7. Computer Science & Inf.Tech. (CS) 18. Production & Industrial Engg (PI)*

8. Chemistry (CY)* 19. Textile Engg.& Fibre Sciences (TF)*

9. Electronics & Commn. Engg. (EC)* 20. Engineering Sciences (XE)

10. Electrical Engineering (EE)* 21. Life Sciences (XL)

11. Geology & Geophysics (GG)

(i) Each GATE paper shall have a common General Aptitude (GA)

component carrying 15 marks.

*Note: Papers in these subjects will contain questions on Engineering

Mathematics for 15 marks.

Engineering Sciences (XE) and Life Sciences (XL) are general

papers and will comprise the following sections:

Engineering Sciences (XE)

Compulsory

Engineering Mathematics (A)

Optional (any two)

Fluid Mechanics (B) Thermodynamics (E)

Material Science (C) Polymer Science & Engg. (F)

Solid Mechanics (D) Food Technology (G)

Life Sciences (XL)

Compulsory

Chemistry (H)

Optionals (any two)

Biochemistry (I) Zoology (L)

Botany (J) Food Technology (M)

Microbiology (K)

Note: Candidates appearing in XE or XL are required to answer three

sections, one compulsory as mentioned above, and two others of the

candidate’s choice, from among the Optionals mentioned against the

respective papers apart from General Aptitude (GA) questions. All sections

are of fully objective type.

• In XE, Compulsory Section A will be of 15 marks, with 7 one-mark

and 4 two-mark questions. All other optional sections, B to G, will

be of 35 marks, with 9 one-mark and 13 two-mark questions.

• In XL, Compulsory Section H will be of 25 marks, with 5 one-mark

questions and 10 two-mark questions. All other optional Sections,

I to L, will be of 30 marks, with 10 one-mark and 10 two-mark

questions.

• In both the XL and XE Papers, there will be 10 compulsory questions

in General Aptitude for a total of 15 marks.

Candidates who qualify for the XE or XL Paper will be further

examined, by interview or written test, by the admitting Institute to assess

their suitability for a particular programme, keeping the weightage for the

GATE Score at 70%.

The choice of the appropriate paper is the responsibility of the candidate.

However, as a guideline: a candidate is expected to appear in a paper

appropriate to the discipline of his/her qualifying degree, though there

is no bar on his/her choosing any paper according to his/her admission

plan, keeping in mind the eligibility criteria of the admitting Institute.

GATE EXAM QUESTIONING MODEL AND MARKS ALLOCTION

http://www.engineersinstitute.com/pdf/gate_pattern.pdf

GATE 2012-2013 EXAMINATION PATTERN

PATTERN OF GATE QUESTION PAPERS AND MARKING Scheme

 

Pattern of Question Papers : Total 65 Questions (ALL Objective Type) Total Marks : 100 Each question has ONLY one correct answer. Answer sheet: OMR (ONLY Black Ink Ball Point Pen is allowed to darken the appropriate bubble)

GATE 2012-13 would contain questions of three different types in engineering papers: : 

1. Multiple choice questions carrying 1 or 2 marks each.
2. Common data questions, where two successive questions use the same set of input data.
3. Linked answer questions, where the answer to the first question of the pair is required in order to answer its successor.

Note : Sectional cut-off  ( Technical / Non-Technical like Engineering mathematics & General Aptitude ) are not applied in GATE exam.
In all the papers, there will be a total of 65 questions carrying 100 marks, out of which 10 questions carrying 15 marks in General Aptitude (GA) are compulsory.

NOTE: General Aptitude (GA-15 Marks) is common for all the engineering branch ( Civil-CE,  Computer Science-CS, Information technology-IT, CE, Mech, EE, ECE, IN

Engineering Mathematics will carry 15 % of the total marks, the General Aptitude section will carry 15 % of the total marks and the remaining 70 % of the total marks is technical in nature.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering & Instrumentation Engineering is same and same question would be asked in the examination of gate 2013.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering is same and same question would be asked in the examination of gate 2013.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for computer science & IT Engineering: Few Topics are common with Electrical, Electronics, mechanical engineering.

Marking scheme: Negative marking of 1/3rd for One marks question and Negative marking of 2/3rd for Two marks question.

Unattempted question: No Marks

Linked answer question pair:  Each question carries 2 marks, 2/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer to the first question only. There is no negative marking for wrong answer to the second question of the linked answer question pair.
 If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is unattempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. There is no negative marking for numerical answer type questions.

Common DATA : Multiple choice type : Equal marks to all related questions.

General Aptitude (GA) Section: Same Question will be asked for Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering & Instrumentation engineering in the examination of gate 2013.

Same Question will be asked for Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering in the examination of gate 2013.
In all papers, GA questions are of multiple choice types, and carry a total of 15 marks. The GA section includes 5 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 5 marks) and 5 questions carrying 2-marks each (sub-total 10 marks)
Question 1 to 25 : One mark each  ( Negative marking 1/3rd  )
Question 26 to 55 : Two  mark each   ( Negative marking 2/3rd  )
Question 56 to 65 : General Aptitude  ( total 15 marks )  : ( Negative marking 1/3rd  for One marks & 2/3rd  for Two  mark  )
Question 56 to 60  : One mark each          Question 61 to 65  : Two  mark each
NOTE : Calculator is allowed whereas charts, graph sheet or Tables are NOT allowed in the examination hall.

GATE-2013 SYLLABUS FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GATE 2013 - Syllabus for Computer Science and Information Technology (CS)

Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic. Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial. Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra. Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics. Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism. Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules. Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima. Computer Science and Information Technology Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point). Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, Secondary storage. Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps. Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer; Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching. Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes  P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete. Theory of Computation: Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Undecidability. Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime environments, Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of code optimization. Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security. Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control. Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance. Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4), Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers. Network security  basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls. Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing

COMPANIES HIRING THROUGH GATE EXAM

BHEL, NTPC, Powergrid and Indian Oil have issued notifications for recruitment of Engineering Trainees through GATE Score

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all India examination administered and conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National Coordination Board - GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India. The GATE is conducted for admission into Masters Degree in IITs and IISc. However, the scenario has changed now as major companies are using it as a platform to identify the suitable engineers/researchers in various areas. GATE 2012 score is the first step in these companies to filter the candidates in their selection process. They have made it mandatory for the students to have GATE score in the concerned subject for which the companies are seeking to recruit. Thus, the major companies do not only use GATE as an admission test but also as a means of recruitment option. As the new recruitment process has started from 2012, the importance for GATE has increased and more number of students are expected to take the GATE. As of now 4 companies have issued notification to recruit engineer trainees through GATE score. The number of companies to use this selection process would rise keeping in view of the importance of GATE. The Companies BHEL: 800 Engineer Trainees in Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Disciplines  Indian Oil: 225 Engineer Trainees in Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, Computer Science and Information Technology, Electrical, Instrumentation, Mechanical and Matallurgy Disciplines  POWERGRID: Executive Trainees in Electrical Discipline   NTPC: Graduate Engineer Trainees in Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering Disciplines Essential Qualification:  Full time B.E./ B.tech/ B.Sc (Engg) from recognized University/ Institute in respective engineering disciplines with Minimum 65% or Equivalent CGPA OR AMIE in respective engineering branches with Minimum 65% Note: Companies also accept Graduation in other related engineering disciplines.

GATE-2013 SYLLABUS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

GATE 2013 - Syllabus for Chemical Engineering (CH)

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors. Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector dentities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems. Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation. Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series, Residue theorem. Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions. Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. Chemical Engineering Process Calculations and Thermodynamics: Laws of conservation of mass and energy; use of tie components; recycle, bypass and purge calculations; degree of freedom analysis. First and Second laws of thermodynamics. First law application to close and open systems. Second law and Entropy Thermodynamic properties of pure substances: equation of state and departure function, properties of mixtures: partial molar properties, fugacity, excess properties and activity coefficients; phase equilibria: predicting VLE of systems; chemical reaction equilibria. Fluid Mechanics and Mechanical Operations: Fluid statics, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Bernoulli equation, Macroscopic friction factors, energy balance, dimensional analysis, shell balances, flow through pipeline systems, flow meters, pumps and compressors, packed and fluidized beds, elementary boundary layer theory, size reduction and size separation; free and hindered settling; centrifuge and cyclones; thickening and classification, filtration, mixing and agitation; conveying of solids. Heat Transfer: Conduction, convection and radiation, heat transfer coefficients, steady and unsteady heat conduction, boiling, condensation and evaporation; types of heat exchangers and evaporators and their design. Mass Transfer: Fick's laws, molecular diffusion in fluids, mass transfer coefficients, film, penetration and surface renewal theories; momentum, heat and mass transfer analogies; stagewise and continuous contacting and stage efficiencies; HTU & NTU concepts design and operation of equipment for distillation, absorption, leaching, liquid-liquid extraction, drying, humidification, dehumidification and adsorption. Chemical Reaction Engineering: Theories of reaction rates; kinetics of homogeneous reactions, interpretation of kinetic data, single and multiple reactions in ideal reactors, non-ideal reactors; residence time distribution, single parameter model; non-isothermal reactors; kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions; diffusion effects in catalysis. Instrumentation and Process Control: Measurement of process variables; sensors, transducers and their dynamics, transfer functions and dynamic responses of simple systems, process reaction curve, controller modes (P, PI, and PID); control valves; analysis of closed loop systems including stability, frequency response and controller tuning, cascade, feed forward control. Plant Design and Economics: Process design and sizing of chemical engineering equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, multistage contactors; principles of process economics and cost estimation including total annualized cost, cost indexes, rate of return, payback period, discounted cash flow, optimization in design. Chemical Technology: Inorganic chemical industries; sulfuric acid, NaOH, fertilizers (Ammonia, Urea, SSP and TSP); natural products industries (Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Oil, and Fats); petroleum refining and petrochemicals; polymerization industries; polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polyester synthetic fibers

GATE-2013 SYLLABUS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

GATE 2013 - Syllabus for Civil Engineering (CE)

Engineering Mathematics Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors. Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems. Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation. Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series. Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions. Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. Structural Engineering Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses. Structural Analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis. Concrete Structures: Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design- basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads. Steel Structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric, beam'column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames. Geotechnical Engineering Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction. Water Resources Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines. Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics. Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils. Environmental Engineering Water requirements: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal. Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits. Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal). Noise Pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution. Transportation Engineering Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements. Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity. Surveying Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying, errors and adjustments, curves.

GATE SYLLABUS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Mathematics

1. Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, system of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
2. Calculus: Taylor series, fourier series, partial derivatives, total derivatives, definite and improper integrals, mmultiple integrals
3. Vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence and curl, line and surface integrals, Green, Gauss, and Stokes theorem
4. Differential Equations: Linear ODE’s, First order non-linear ODE’s, initial and boundary value problems, Laplace Transform, PDE’s-laplace, wave and diffusion equations.
5. Numerical methods: Solution of system of linear equations, interpolation, numerical integration, newton-raphson method, runge-kutta method.
6. Probability and statics: Gaussian, Weibul distribution and their properties, method of least squares , regrassion analysis, analysis of variance.

APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN

1. Engineering Mechanics: Equivalent force systems, free-body concepts, equations of equilibrium, trusses and frames, virtual work and minimum potential energy. Kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, impulse and momentum , energy methods, central force motion.
2. Strength of Materials: Stress and strainm, Elastic constants, stress-strain relationship, Mohr’s circle, deflection of beams, bending and shear stress, shear force and bending moment diagrams, torsion of circular shafts, thin thick cylinders, Eulers theory of columns, strain energy methods, thermal stress.
3. Theory of machines: Analysis of plane mechanisms, dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism, planer cams and followers, grear tooth profiles, kinematics and design of gears, governors and flywheels, balancing of reciprocating and rotating masses.
4. Vibrations: Free and forced vibrations of single degree freedom systems, effect of damping, vibration isolation, resonance, critical speed shafts.
5. Design of Machine Elements: Desing for statics and dynamic loading, fatigue strength, failure theories, design of bolted, riveted and welded joints, design of shafts and keys, design of spur gears, brakes and clutches, rolling and sliding contact bearings , belt, ropes and chain drives.

THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1. Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties, fluid statics, manumetry, buoyancy, control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy, fluid acceleration, differential equation of contunuity and momentum. Bernouli’s equation. Viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boudary layer, flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.
2. Turbo machines: Velocity triangles Euler’s equation, specific speed, Pelton wheel, centrifugal pump, Francis and Kaplan turbines.
3. Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer, one dimentional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins, dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat layer, effect of turbulence, radiative heat transfer, black and grey sufaces shape factors, networ analysis, heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods.
4. Thermodynamics: Zeroth, fact and second laws of thermodynamics, themodynamic system and processes, irreversibility and availability, behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes. Analysis of thermodynamics cycles related to energy conversion. Carnot, Rankine, Otto, Diesel, Brayton and Vapour compression cycle.
5. Steam engineering: Steam generators, Steam engines, steam turbines-impulse and reaction, velocity diagrams, compounding, reheat factor.
6. I.C. Engines: Requirements and suitability of fuels in IC engines, fuel ratings, fuel- air mixture requirements, normal combustion in SI and CI engines, engine performance calculations, componenets of gas turbine.
7. Reciprocating Air Compressor: Isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic compression, staging the compression process, intercooling and aftercooling, minimum work requirement, volumentric efficiency. Centrifugal and aial flow compressors.
8. Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Refrigerant compressros, expansion devices, condensers and evaporators, properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes.

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

1. Engineering meterials: Structure and properties of engineering materials and their applications, heat treatment.
2. Metal casting: Casting processes- pattern making, moulds and cores, solidification, design of casting, casting defects.
3. Metal working: Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle material, plastic deformation, machanisms, fundamentals of hot and cold working processes-forging, extrusion, wire drawing, hseet metal working, punching, blanking, bending, deep drawing, coining and spinning.
4. Machining Processes and Machine Tool Operation: Mechanics of metal cutting, single and multipoint cutting tools, geometry and machining aspects, tool life, machinability, economics of machining, non- traditional machining processes.
5. Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances, linear and angular measurements, comparators, gauge design interferometry,form and finish measurement, measurement of screw threads, alignment and testing methods.
6. Tool Engineering: Principles of work holding, design of jigs and fixtures, design of press working tools.
7. Manufacturing Analysis: Part-print analysis, tolerance analysis in manufactureing and assembly, time and cost analysis.
8. Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD, CAM , Group technology.
9. Work Study: Method study, work measurement time study, work sampling, job evaluation, merit rating.
10. Production planning and control: Forecating models, aggregate production planning, master scheduling, materials requierments planning.
11. Inventory control: Deterministic and probabilistic models, safety stock inventory control systems.
12. Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM

TIPS FOR PREPARING GATE EXAMS

So you have pursued your Bachelors in Engineering. Now it is time to decide what you want to do in life. This is a very crucial decision as it will have an impact on your career. Most engineering graduates go for either management or M.Tech. In order to get admission in M.Tech the examination that holds significant importance on national as well as international level is GATE 2011.

So are you seeking admission in post-graduation programmes in reputed engineering colleges and institutes in India? If yes, then you need to burn the midnight oil and prepare for GATE 2011. The main purpose of GATE exam is to identify the quality of students and assess their potential to continue higher education in engineering field. By conducting GATE, it becomes easy to assess the students on the required skill scale and consistency to pursue higher studies in the field of engineering.

With the cut-throat competition, even those who get more than 85% in the GATE examination lag behind in getting admissions into the premier institutions such as IITs and NITs. The questions of GATE are usually the derivation of fundamentals and preparation of GATE is an continuing process and is supposed to take place in varied stages. Prepare your best with the fundamentals and then test yourself those fundamentals.

Many students either prepare on their own at home or join some coaching institute.

Tips and tricks to prepare for GATE 2011

1) Always follow standard books, recommended books to prepare for GATE. Try to cover complete syllabus. If not possible be perfect in whatever portion of syllabus you practice.
2) Prepare notes after finishing every chapter. This will help you during your last days of revision.
3) Practice as many model test papers as possible.
4) While studying a chapter, do ask yourself following questions “What”, “How”, and “Why” and see improvement.
5) Analyze your score in model test papers and compare your performance periodically to see how you improve.
6) In case of doubts ask some expert or use forums to discuss questions prepared by experts.
7) Consult your professors and seniors in case of any doubts.
8) Join a coaching institute if you feel the need.
9) Keep yourself updated about the recent developments in GATE by either logging on to Learnhub or their official site. Check the latest syllabus and paper pattern before you start preparing.
10) Revise

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