SATYAMEVA JAYATE HAS INSPIRED THE HARD HEARTS FOR PEACE AGAINST WOMEN

Aamir Khan's highly acclaimed Satyameva Jayatehas inspired a sarpanch in a Rajasthan village to register police cases against women and families who go for tests to detect and abort the girl child.

"Illegal sex determination is rampant in the Shekhawati region (Jhunjhunu, Churu and Sikar districts)," sarpanch Randheer Singh of Budania village told IANS.

The village, some 200 km from here, is home to some 5,000 people.

Randheer Singh said a six-member committee had been formed to keep a tab on pregnant women.

"After watching Aamir Khan's TV show Satyameva Jayate on female feticide, I felt that awareness in Rajasthan is not enough," he said.

"Checking female feticide at the village level is necessary to save girl children."

He said that auxiliary nurses and midwives know about almost every pregnant woman in villages.

"If a woman is found involved in illegal sex determination and abortion of a girl child, an FIR (First Information Report) will be filed against her with the police," Singh said.

"If she is forced to abort by her in-laws, similar action will be taken against them also," he said.

According to the 2011 census, Rajasthan has 883 girls in the 0-6 age group for every 1,000 boys. The child sex ratio in 2001 was 909.

The Rajasthan government has taken several measures to end illegal sex determination tests. It has hiked the amount of money given to people who complain about errant ultrasound clinics.

Aamir Khan, in his programme telecast May 6 that drew record audiences countrywide, highlighted a sting operation done seven years ago by two journalists to expose growing female feticide in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA IS STILL A SIN TO PEOPLE

In India, the lists of classified matrimonial ads in the newspapers are almost endless. Caste is always mentioned, invariably. However, personal ads today also mention religious affiliations and professions. Doctors, engineers, even computer-software specialists are advertising in India for mates. The fact that the 3500-year-old caste system should survive in India today almost defies comprehension. It has been an aberration of the Hindu psyche. Indians who use lofty rhetoric about progress, characterizing their society as "united in diversity," seem to be simply perpetuating the system of social gradation that has blighted so many lives.

Social distinctions can still be discerned in modern India in many ways. Even a highly educated Brahmin physician (a Brahmin is a Hindu of the highest caste) wraps the wrist of a Sudra (or low-caste person) with a band of cloth before feeling for the patient's pulse. That way, the Brahmin will not to be "defiled" by touching the Sudra's skin. Low-caste people are forbidden to use the wells in villages that high-caste Brahmins use for fear they will pollute the water. A low-caste family is refused the right to bury a family member near their village, where both high and low castes live, because of a superstition that the dead person's ghost will haunt the high- caste people. And a Brahmin bachelor living in a state with only a few surviving Brahmin families has to wait for five long years while his parents search for a suitable mate of the same high caste as he.

A low-caste poverty-stricken street dweller.

An Ancient Institution While scholars differ on the origins of the caste system in India, they agree that it is a very ancient institution. Some speculate that both the complexion and the occupations of the Aryans who invaded India around 1500 B.C. contributed to the growth of the caste system. The Aryan invaders, who spoke Indo-European languages, are believed by some to have been a fair-skinned, blue-eyed ethnic type. They dominated the darker-skinned original residents and made them subservient, much as the British did many centuries later.

According to the traditional Hindu view, human beings were divided into four categories on the basis of their intrinsic qualities. The highest caste, the Brahmins, were the thinkers, philosophers, and priests whose role was to provide both spiritual guidance and intellectual sustenance to the society. Originally, they lived on the charity of the people, given in return for the performance of various rites. Next came the Kshatriyas, or Warriors, who were primarily concerned with the defense and governance of the state. The kings and rulers belonged to this caste. The third caste consisted of the Vaisyas, or Traders, who were involved in agricultural and commercial operations. In the fourth category were the Sudras, or Laborers. This caste, at the lowest rung of the hierarchical ladder, were responsible for various services, including menial jobs like scavenging and cleaning. They were considered "untouchable" and the three higher castes were not permitted to mingle with them. Marriage across caste lines was forbidden, and even now this taboo persists. Those who fall in love and marry in spite of the taboo risk excommunication from their castes.

This social system of gradation was given religious sanction by a verse in the ancient sacred writings of Hinduism and the earliest document of Indian history called the Rig Veda. Believed to have been composed between 1500 and 1000 B.C., it records that Brahmins came from the face of the creator, Kshatriyas from his arms, Vaisyas from his thighs, and Sudras from the soles of his feet. Members of the lowest caste were subjected to many restrictions in society.

Lower-caste women work all day picking weeds for a wage as low as 50 cents a day.

There are also references to the four castes in the ancient epics of Ramayanaand Mahabharata. A detailed description of the caste system is found in theManusmriti (Ordinances of Manu), named for its author. The Manusmriti, which dates from A.D. 700, is the most authoritative work on Hindu law. Centuries later, it was adopted by the British rulers in India. The status of the low caste continued to be degraded by the Brahmins. Even revolts against the high castes by religious leaders such as Mahavira (540-468 B.C.), the founder of Jainism, and Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.), the founder of Buddhism, failed to reduce the rigidity of the caste system because caste distinctions persisted in both religious sects. Caste distinctions persisted even during the period of Muslim rule in India (1206-1862). The attempts of other religions, including Christianity and Judaism, to eradicate the caste system did not succeed because class distinctions persisted even in their folds. The Beginnings of Change It was the Industrial Revolution that finally made a dent in the caste system and brought a new awareness to Indians that social mobility might be possible. Industrialization encouraged urbanization, as villager dwellers of both high and low castes moved into the cities for better jobs. There, they were introduced to new technologies. In the urban areas, the rigid, age-old ,caste- centered thinking gave way to a more liberal outlook, encouraging the mixing of castes without distinction. Trade unions and other associations had members from all castes working together. The British government of India had a considerable, transforming impact on the country's Hindu social structure. The British brought change by passing many important laws designed to aid the marginalized lower castes--laws such as the Hindu Act, the Caste Disabilities Act, and the Widow Remarriage Act. But the British could not find a lasting solution to the problem of castes, particularly since the British saw themselves as a privileged ruling class. The strongest, most systematic attack on the caste system has come in the twentieth century through the Constitution of India, adopted on November 26, 1949. India's constitution guarantees the right of all its citizens to justice, liberty, equality, and dignity. It has been a long and arduous journey from ancient caste distinctions based on Hindu philosophy and religious traditions to the constitutional pledge of a democratic government with equality, dignity, and justice for all human beings.

The Caste System Today Today, many lower-caste people--especially in rural villages--are still marginalized, with little access to education, limited resources, and unskilled or menial jobs as their only option. However, thanks to a long history of missionary schools and to various changes in government-sponsored education, many have become better educated and hold higher-paying jobs.

The "Holy Bath," a Hindu ritual, is a purification by water before worship. Large numbers of Hindu worshipers bathe in the Narmada River for the festival of Makar Sankranti.

At present, Indian society is characterized by an obsession with the kinds of development that would lead to a free-market economy. The growing economic success of some in India has created a chasm separating the rich from the poor, who make up about 56 percent of the population. Economists describe "two Indias"--one rich and one poor. India's caste system can no longer fully contain the socioeconomic change that the country is undergoing. Different religions, occupations, and levels of education are no longer correlated with caste. A high-caste person cannot be born a chief executive, for example, but must work to become one. A person of low caste may now get a good education and become an executive, a college professor, or even a government leader.

Indians who belong to the lower castes that were once considered "untouchable" now choose to call themselves by the name Dalit, meaning "oppressed," and signaling that they are actively resisting injustice. Dalits make up 18 to 20 percent of India's population. Only about 3 percent of India's population is Christian, but 50 percent of the Christian population is Dalit, according to Ms. Soosai Raj Faustina, a teacher and member of the Dalit Solidarity Peoples (DSP) National Working Committee. Foreign Christian missionaries have also had a history of helping Dalits with education and with economic development.

Rural India still presents a dismal picture of life for its low-caste people, though. A friend of mine, Dharamnath of Jagdalpur, a member of the Methodist Church and an excellent vocalist, says that the typical low-caste village family may have only one sari (a draped dress using several yards of cloth) for all its women. So, while one woman comes out the hut draped in the sari, four other women must wait inside for their turn to wear the same dress. They can only come out one by one. Faustina explains that, even though she teaches in a mixed school run by the Roman Catholic Church in Ongur, Dalits are still separated in the village. "Normally, Dalits are put on the east side of the village," she reports, "because the wind blows from west to east, and non-Dalits don't want to be contaminated by wind that has touched Dalits. All the institutions are in the non- Dalit area of the village. We are resisting these things," she adds. The Supreme Court of India in Delhi. Migrant populations flock to the outskirts of cities to find work.

A village girl holds her little brother. In fact, empowered by India's constitution, the Dalits have organized to push for change through legislation and social institutions. Public transportation, radio, and television have begun to have a modernizing impact, especially on children and youth, even in rural villages. But a lack of political will on the part of the state prevents some recommendations from being implemented. Also, villagers who travel to large cities in search of job opportunities are likely to encounter crime syndicates and mafia organizations there. Even in small towns, gangs have proliferated. Last year, the worst-ever massacre of Dalit and landless men, women, and children occurred in Bihar. Sixty people were killed by the Ranvir Sena, a self-styled armed militia of the upper-caste landed gentry, formed to crush the movements of Dalits and agricultural laborers

GATE-2013 EXAM INFORMATION

GRADUATE APTITUDE TEST IN ENGINEERING

(GATE), 2013

HERE IS AN OPPORTUNITY.......

For advanced engineering education in India. An M.E. or M.Tech. degree

is a desirable qualifi cation for our young Engineers seeking a rewarding

professional career. Engineering students, while in the fi nal year of their

degree course, spend considerable time seeking an opening for higher studies

in foreign universities, but there are also several institutions of repute in India

offering specialised post-graduate programmes in various disciplines.

The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all-India examination

administered and conducted in eight zones across the country by

the GATE Committee comprising Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National

Coordinating Board – GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry

of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India.

Admission to post graduate programmes with MHRD and some other

government scholarships/assistantships at Engineering Colleges/ Institutes

in the country are open to those who qualify through GATE. GATE

qualifi ed candidates with Bachelors degrees in Engineering / Technology

/ Architecture or Masters degrees in any branch of Science / Mathematics

/ Statistics / Computer Applications are eligible for Master / Doctoral

programmes in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Pharmacy as

well as for Doctoral programmes in relevant branches of Science.

To avail the scholarship, the candidate must additionally

secure admission to such a postgraduate programme, as per

the prevailing procedure of the admitting institution.

The GATE 2013 Committee has the authority to decide the qualifying

marks for each GATE paper.

GATE qualifi cation, however, is not required for candidates with Masters

degrees in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Pharmacy who may be

seeking scholarships / assistantships for relevant doctoral programmes.

For admission to postgraduate programmes with scholarships/

assistantships from the Ministry of Human Resources Development

and some other Govt. Agencies, a minimum weightage of 70% is given

to the GATE Score with the remaining weightage given to the student’s

academic performance in the qualifying exam and /or interview. The exact

procedure followed for the award of these scholarships/assistantships

will be defi ned by the respective Institution granting admission.

Some Institutions specify GATE as the mandatory qualifi cation even

for admission of self-fi nancing students to postgraduate programmes.

GATE qualifi ed candidates in Engineering disciplines are also eligible

for the award of Junior Research Fellowship in CSIR Laboratories. Some

government Organizations prescribe GATE qualifi cation as a requirement

for the posts of a Scientist/Engineer.

There is also an increasing trend of using the GATE score by some

universities as well as many Indian and Multi-national Companies for

recruitment. Many Public Sector Enterprises & Govt. Agencies

like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd; National Thermal Power

Corporation Ltd; Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd; ISRO Etc.,

have announced recruitment of a large number of engineers

(EE, EC, IN, ME) short listing applicants from GATE qualifi ed

candidates for further selection processes.

Date of Exam

The GATE exam is normally held on the second Sunday in February and

the results announced by the middle of March.

GATE Score

The GATE score becomes valid only after the candidate completes all

requirements of the qualifying degree. The GATE 2013 score will be valid

for two years from the date of announcement of results.

Details about the content of the GATE Scorecard will be made available

in the GATE websites at the appropriate time.

The GATE 2013 Committee has the authority to decide the qualifying

marks for each paper.

There is no provision for additional GATE Score cards.

Eligibility *

(a) Bachelor’s degree holders in Engineering/Technology/Architecture

(4 years after 10+2) and those who are in the fi nal year of

such programmes.

(b) Master’s degree holders in any branch of Science/Mathematics/

Statistics/Computer Applications or equivalent and those who

are in the fi nal of such programmes.

(c) Candidates in the third or fi nal year of the four-year Integrated

Master’s degree programme (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering/

Technology or in the fourth or fi nal year of the fi ve-year Integrated

Master’s degree programmes and Dual Degree programme

in Engineering/Technology.

(d) Candidates with qualifi cations obtained through an examination

conducted by professional societies recognized by the UPSC/

AICTE (for example AMIE by IE(1) or AMIE by ICE(1)) as

equivalent to B.E./B.Tech. Those who have completed Section

A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible.

* Based on the notifi cation for GATE 2012

STRUCTURE OF GATE

There will be a single, fully objective-type paper of 3 hours’ duration

with 65 Questions for a total of 100 marks with negative marking

for each wrong answer at one-third of the marks allotted for that

question. The Question Paper will be in ENGLISH only.

1. Aerospace Engineering (AE) 12. Instrumentation Engg. (IN)*

2. Agricultural Engineering (AG)* 13. Mathematics (MA)

3. Architecture & Planning (AR) 14. Mechanical Engineering (ME)*

4. Bio Technology (BT)* 15. Mining Engineering (MN)*

5. Civil Engineering (CE)* 16. Metallurgical Engineering (MT)*

6. Chemical Engineering (CH)* 17. Physics (PH)

7. Computer Science & Inf.Tech. (CS) 18. Production & Industrial Engg (PI)*

8. Chemistry (CY)* 19. Textile Engg.& Fibre Sciences (TF)*

9. Electronics & Commn. Engg. (EC)* 20. Engineering Sciences (XE)

10. Electrical Engineering (EE)* 21. Life Sciences (XL)

11. Geology & Geophysics (GG)

(i) Each GATE paper shall have a common General Aptitude (GA)

component carrying 15 marks.

*Note: Papers in these subjects will contain questions on Engineering

Mathematics for 15 marks.

Engineering Sciences (XE) and Life Sciences (XL) are general

papers and will comprise the following sections:

Engineering Sciences (XE)

Compulsory

Engineering Mathematics (A)

Optional (any two)

Fluid Mechanics (B) Thermodynamics (E)

Material Science (C) Polymer Science & Engg. (F)

Solid Mechanics (D) Food Technology (G)

Life Sciences (XL)

Compulsory

Chemistry (H)

Optionals (any two)

Biochemistry (I) Zoology (L)

Botany (J) Food Technology (M)

Microbiology (K)

Note: Candidates appearing in XE or XL are required to answer three

sections, one compulsory as mentioned above, and two others of the

candidate’s choice, from among the Optionals mentioned against the

respective papers apart from General Aptitude (GA) questions. All sections

are of fully objective type.

• In XE, Compulsory Section A will be of 15 marks, with 7 one-mark

and 4 two-mark questions. All other optional sections, B to G, will

be of 35 marks, with 9 one-mark and 13 two-mark questions.

• In XL, Compulsory Section H will be of 25 marks, with 5 one-mark

questions and 10 two-mark questions. All other optional Sections,

I to L, will be of 30 marks, with 10 one-mark and 10 two-mark

questions.

• In both the XL and XE Papers, there will be 10 compulsory questions

in General Aptitude for a total of 15 marks.

Candidates who qualify for the XE or XL Paper will be further

examined, by interview or written test, by the admitting Institute to assess

their suitability for a particular programme, keeping the weightage for the

GATE Score at 70%.

The choice of the appropriate paper is the responsibility of the candidate.

However, as a guideline: a candidate is expected to appear in a paper

appropriate to the discipline of his/her qualifying degree, though there

is no bar on his/her choosing any paper according to his/her admission

plan, keeping in mind the eligibility criteria of the admitting Institute.

GATE EXAM QUESTIONING MODEL AND MARKS ALLOCTION

http://www.engineersinstitute.com/pdf/gate_pattern.pdf

GATE 2012-2013 EXAMINATION PATTERN

PATTERN OF GATE QUESTION PAPERS AND MARKING Scheme

 

Pattern of Question Papers : Total 65 Questions (ALL Objective Type) Total Marks : 100 Each question has ONLY one correct answer. Answer sheet: OMR (ONLY Black Ink Ball Point Pen is allowed to darken the appropriate bubble)

GATE 2012-13 would contain questions of three different types in engineering papers: : 

1. Multiple choice questions carrying 1 or 2 marks each.
2. Common data questions, where two successive questions use the same set of input data.
3. Linked answer questions, where the answer to the first question of the pair is required in order to answer its successor.

Note : Sectional cut-off  ( Technical / Non-Technical like Engineering mathematics & General Aptitude ) are not applied in GATE exam.
In all the papers, there will be a total of 65 questions carrying 100 marks, out of which 10 questions carrying 15 marks in General Aptitude (GA) are compulsory.

NOTE: General Aptitude (GA-15 Marks) is common for all the engineering branch ( Civil-CE,  Computer Science-CS, Information technology-IT, CE, Mech, EE, ECE, IN

Engineering Mathematics will carry 15 % of the total marks, the General Aptitude section will carry 15 % of the total marks and the remaining 70 % of the total marks is technical in nature.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering & Instrumentation Engineering is same and same question would be asked in the examination of gate 2013.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering is same and same question would be asked in the examination of gate 2013.

Engineering Mathematics Syllabus for computer science & IT Engineering: Few Topics are common with Electrical, Electronics, mechanical engineering.

Marking scheme: Negative marking of 1/3rd for One marks question and Negative marking of 2/3rd for Two marks question.

Unattempted question: No Marks

Linked answer question pair:  Each question carries 2 marks, 2/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer to the first question only. There is no negative marking for wrong answer to the second question of the linked answer question pair.
 If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is unattempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. There is no negative marking for numerical answer type questions.

Common DATA : Multiple choice type : Equal marks to all related questions.

General Aptitude (GA) Section: Same Question will be asked for Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering & Instrumentation engineering in the examination of gate 2013.

Same Question will be asked for Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering & Mechanical Engineering in the examination of gate 2013.
In all papers, GA questions are of multiple choice types, and carry a total of 15 marks. The GA section includes 5 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 5 marks) and 5 questions carrying 2-marks each (sub-total 10 marks)
Question 1 to 25 : One mark each  ( Negative marking 1/3rd  )
Question 26 to 55 : Two  mark each   ( Negative marking 2/3rd  )
Question 56 to 65 : General Aptitude  ( total 15 marks )  : ( Negative marking 1/3rd  for One marks & 2/3rd  for Two  mark  )
Question 56 to 60  : One mark each          Question 61 to 65  : Two  mark each
NOTE : Calculator is allowed whereas charts, graph sheet or Tables are NOT allowed in the examination hall.

GATE-2013 SYLLABUS FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GATE 2013 - Syllabus for Computer Science and Information Technology (CS)

Mathematical Logic: Propositional Logic; First Order Logic. Probability: Conditional Probability; Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation; Random Variables; Distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, Binomial. Set Theory & Algebra: Sets; Relations; Functions; Groups; Partial Orders; Lattice; Boolean Algebra. Combinatorics: Permutations; Combinations; Counting; Summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics. Graph Theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; Cut vertices & edges; covering; matching; independent sets; Colouring; Planarity; Isomorphism. Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors. Numerical Methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non-linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson Methods; Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules. Calculus: Limit, Continuity & differentiability, Mean value Theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite & improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivatives, maxima & minima. Computer Science and Information Technology Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point). Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, Secondary storage. Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps. Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and-conquer; Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching. Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes  P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete. Theory of Computation: Regular languages and finite automata, Context free languages and Push-down automata, Recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, Undecidability. Compiler Design: Lexical analysis, Parsing, Syntax directed translation, Runtime environments, Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of code optimization. Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems, I/O systems, Protection and security. Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control. Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance. Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4), Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches, gateways, and routers. Network security  basic concepts of public key and private key cryptography, digital signature, firewalls. Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic concepts of client-server computing

COMPANIES HIRING THROUGH GATE EXAM

BHEL, NTPC, Powergrid and Indian Oil have issued notifications for recruitment of Engineering Trainees through GATE Score

Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an all India examination administered and conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National Coordination Board - GATE, Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India. The GATE is conducted for admission into Masters Degree in IITs and IISc. However, the scenario has changed now as major companies are using it as a platform to identify the suitable engineers/researchers in various areas. GATE 2012 score is the first step in these companies to filter the candidates in their selection process. They have made it mandatory for the students to have GATE score in the concerned subject for which the companies are seeking to recruit. Thus, the major companies do not only use GATE as an admission test but also as a means of recruitment option. As the new recruitment process has started from 2012, the importance for GATE has increased and more number of students are expected to take the GATE. As of now 4 companies have issued notification to recruit engineer trainees through GATE score. The number of companies to use this selection process would rise keeping in view of the importance of GATE. The Companies BHEL: 800 Engineer Trainees in Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics Disciplines  Indian Oil: 225 Engineer Trainees in Civil, Mechanical, Chemical, Computer Science and Information Technology, Electrical, Instrumentation, Mechanical and Matallurgy Disciplines  POWERGRID: Executive Trainees in Electrical Discipline   NTPC: Graduate Engineer Trainees in Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering Disciplines Essential Qualification:  Full time B.E./ B.tech/ B.Sc (Engg) from recognized University/ Institute in respective engineering disciplines with Minimum 65% or Equivalent CGPA OR AMIE in respective engineering branches with Minimum 65% Note: Companies also accept Graduation in other related engineering disciplines.