GATE-2013 SYLLABUS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

GATE 2013 - Syllabus for Civil Engineering (CE)

Engineering Mathematics Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors. Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green's theorems. Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation. Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series. Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions. Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. Structural Engineering Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses. Structural Analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis. Concrete Structures: Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design- basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads. Steel Structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam- columns, column bases. Connections- simple and eccentric, beam'column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames. Geotechnical Engineering Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability & seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands & clays. Deep foundations pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands & clays, negative skin friction. Water Resources Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines. Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics. Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils. Environmental Engineering Water requirements: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal. Air Pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits. Municipal Solid Wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal). Noise Pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution. Transportation Engineering Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements. Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity. Surveying Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying, errors and adjustments, curves.

GATE SYLLABUS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Mathematics

1. Linear Algebra: Algebra of matrices, system of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
2. Calculus: Taylor series, fourier series, partial derivatives, total derivatives, definite and improper integrals, mmultiple integrals
3. Vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence and curl, line and surface integrals, Green, Gauss, and Stokes theorem
4. Differential Equations: Linear ODE’s, First order non-linear ODE’s, initial and boundary value problems, Laplace Transform, PDE’s-laplace, wave and diffusion equations.
5. Numerical methods: Solution of system of linear equations, interpolation, numerical integration, newton-raphson method, runge-kutta method.
6. Probability and statics: Gaussian, Weibul distribution and their properties, method of least squares , regrassion analysis, analysis of variance.

APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN

1. Engineering Mechanics: Equivalent force systems, free-body concepts, equations of equilibrium, trusses and frames, virtual work and minimum potential energy. Kinematics and dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, impulse and momentum , energy methods, central force motion.
2. Strength of Materials: Stress and strainm, Elastic constants, stress-strain relationship, Mohr’s circle, deflection of beams, bending and shear stress, shear force and bending moment diagrams, torsion of circular shafts, thin thick cylinders, Eulers theory of columns, strain energy methods, thermal stress.
3. Theory of machines: Analysis of plane mechanisms, dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism, planer cams and followers, grear tooth profiles, kinematics and design of gears, governors and flywheels, balancing of reciprocating and rotating masses.
4. Vibrations: Free and forced vibrations of single degree freedom systems, effect of damping, vibration isolation, resonance, critical speed shafts.
5. Design of Machine Elements: Desing for statics and dynamic loading, fatigue strength, failure theories, design of bolted, riveted and welded joints, design of shafts and keys, design of spur gears, brakes and clutches, rolling and sliding contact bearings , belt, ropes and chain drives.

THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1. Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties, fluid statics, manumetry, buoyancy, control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy, fluid acceleration, differential equation of contunuity and momentum. Bernouli’s equation. Viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boudary layer, flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.
2. Turbo machines: Velocity triangles Euler’s equation, specific speed, Pelton wheel, centrifugal pump, Francis and Kaplan turbines.
3. Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer, one dimentional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins, dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat layer, effect of turbulence, radiative heat transfer, black and grey sufaces shape factors, networ analysis, heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU methods.
4. Thermodynamics: Zeroth, fact and second laws of thermodynamics, themodynamic system and processes, irreversibility and availability, behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes. Analysis of thermodynamics cycles related to energy conversion. Carnot, Rankine, Otto, Diesel, Brayton and Vapour compression cycle.
5. Steam engineering: Steam generators, Steam engines, steam turbines-impulse and reaction, velocity diagrams, compounding, reheat factor.
6. I.C. Engines: Requirements and suitability of fuels in IC engines, fuel ratings, fuel- air mixture requirements, normal combustion in SI and CI engines, engine performance calculations, componenets of gas turbine.
7. Reciprocating Air Compressor: Isothermal, adiabatic and polytropic compression, staging the compression process, intercooling and aftercooling, minimum work requirement, volumentric efficiency. Centrifugal and aial flow compressors.
8. Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Refrigerant compressros, expansion devices, condensers and evaporators, properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes.

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

1. Engineering meterials: Structure and properties of engineering materials and their applications, heat treatment.
2. Metal casting: Casting processes- pattern making, moulds and cores, solidification, design of casting, casting defects.
3. Metal working: Stress-strain diagrams for ductile and brittle material, plastic deformation, machanisms, fundamentals of hot and cold working processes-forging, extrusion, wire drawing, hseet metal working, punching, blanking, bending, deep drawing, coining and spinning.
4. Machining Processes and Machine Tool Operation: Mechanics of metal cutting, single and multipoint cutting tools, geometry and machining aspects, tool life, machinability, economics of machining, non- traditional machining processes.
5. Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances, linear and angular measurements, comparators, gauge design interferometry,form and finish measurement, measurement of screw threads, alignment and testing methods.
6. Tool Engineering: Principles of work holding, design of jigs and fixtures, design of press working tools.
7. Manufacturing Analysis: Part-print analysis, tolerance analysis in manufactureing and assembly, time and cost analysis.
8. Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD, CAM , Group technology.
9. Work Study: Method study, work measurement time study, work sampling, job evaluation, merit rating.
10. Production planning and control: Forecating models, aggregate production planning, master scheduling, materials requierments planning.
11. Inventory control: Deterministic and probabilistic models, safety stock inventory control systems.
12. Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM

TIPS FOR PREPARING GATE EXAMS

So you have pursued your Bachelors in Engineering. Now it is time to decide what you want to do in life. This is a very crucial decision as it will have an impact on your career. Most engineering graduates go for either management or M.Tech. In order to get admission in M.Tech the examination that holds significant importance on national as well as international level is GATE 2011.

So are you seeking admission in post-graduation programmes in reputed engineering colleges and institutes in India? If yes, then you need to burn the midnight oil and prepare for GATE 2011. The main purpose of GATE exam is to identify the quality of students and assess their potential to continue higher education in engineering field. By conducting GATE, it becomes easy to assess the students on the required skill scale and consistency to pursue higher studies in the field of engineering.

With the cut-throat competition, even those who get more than 85% in the GATE examination lag behind in getting admissions into the premier institutions such as IITs and NITs. The questions of GATE are usually the derivation of fundamentals and preparation of GATE is an continuing process and is supposed to take place in varied stages. Prepare your best with the fundamentals and then test yourself those fundamentals.

Many students either prepare on their own at home or join some coaching institute.

Tips and tricks to prepare for GATE 2011

1) Always follow standard books, recommended books to prepare for GATE. Try to cover complete syllabus. If not possible be perfect in whatever portion of syllabus you practice.
2) Prepare notes after finishing every chapter. This will help you during your last days of revision.
3) Practice as many model test papers as possible.
4) While studying a chapter, do ask yourself following questions “What”, “How”, and “Why” and see improvement.
5) Analyze your score in model test papers and compare your performance periodically to see how you improve.
6) In case of doubts ask some expert or use forums to discuss questions prepared by experts.
7) Consult your professors and seniors in case of any doubts.
8) Join a coaching institute if you feel the need.
9) Keep yourself updated about the recent developments in GATE by either logging on to Learnhub or their official site. Check the latest syllabus and paper pattern before you start preparing.
10) Revise

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PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

The present system of higher education does not serve the purpose for which it has been started. In general education itself has become so profitable a business that quality is lost in the increase of quantity of professional institutions with quota system and politicization adding fuel to the fire of spoil system, thereby increasing unemployment of graduates without quick relief to mitigate their sufferings in the job market of the country. So, the drawbacks of the higher education system underscore the need for reforms to make it worthwhile and beneficial to all concerned. 

Competition:

Next to China, India is the most populated country in the world. Naturally there is too much rush and competition in every field. So, rush to technical and higher education has increased as scope for arts and science has become lesser and lesser due to lack of reforms and up gradation in the course structure and materials according to the developments of the world. Also, qualification in higher education gives added advantage to face successfully competition in the job market.

Purpose of Education:

All round development of personality is the purpose of education. But the present day education is neither imparting true knowledge of life, world and helping one stand on one’s own leg nor improving the talent of a student by which one can achieve laurels in the field one is interested. So, combination of arts subjects and computer science and science and humanities or literature should be introduced so that such courses could be useful for the students to do jobs after recruitment in some companies which would reduce unnecessary rush to higher education.

Right Course of Action:

In India around 240 Universities controlling somewhere 5000 colleges of various courses churning out millions of graduates seeking jobs in vain due to lack of employability, communication skill and entrepreneurship quality. In Tamil Nadu State of India alone (from 2000 to 2006) more than 600, 000 students are hunting for jobs without hope due to political rivalries and lack of investments in job generating manufacturing units and companies. This is one side of the picture.

On the other side, all want to become Engineers or Doctors or Computer specialists in IT or Software, which is beyond the reach of many and also, all cannot shine in such a line if not suited later on. So, to overcome disappointments in the working life clear appraisal of one’s Self is necessary before pursuing a course of action.
For that not specialization but general education covering all subjects (arts, science, literature, technology, agriculture and defense studies) is very essential. 

After education, tour to all the places in India and world as far as possible with the cooperation of government is necessary so that one can understand about people, culture, arts, literature, religions, technological developments and progress of human society in the world. 
Basing this knowledge one should have a vision of one’s future life and work in the world and decide about the future course of action, i.e. whether to go for higher education or do job suitable to one. 
Finally, based on knowledge only vision of the future life and work can be had; based on this vision only a broad ambition can be fixed for oneself; and based on this ambition only one can lead interesting life doing satisfying job to do remarkable achievements in some field in the world. 
Individuality 

Otherwise, the life of one will not be interesting but rather boring, monotonous and frustrating. This is mainly due to parental interference in the education of the children. Parental guidance is necessary but it should not interfere in the creativity or individuality of the students. Also, in spite of the obsolete type of education system, some are achieving wonderful things in Sports, Music, Dance, Painting, Science and Technology in the world! This is only due to the encouragement of the parents and some dedicated teachers in the educational institutions.

Higher Education:

Higher education is necessary for one to achieve excellence in the line one is best. But one should be selected for higher education on the basis of merit only. Further, fees for education in general should not be high; especially, the fees for higher studies should be within the reach of every class of people in the nation.

Standard:

In any nation education is the basic necessity for the socio-economic development of the individuals and the society. In reality only 20% of the population is educated in India. Also, only 25% of the Universities are having world class education. So, improved standard of education as first priority should be offered to the majority by the govt. authorities with sincere political will. Also, privatization of higher education is absolutely necessary in a vast country like India as government alone is helpless to do so.

Quality:

That is the way people’s quality of life can be improved and also, the nation can economically compete with the developed nations of the world. So, private educational institutions can give higher education to all irrespective of economic status of the students. As far as quality of education is concerned it should be under the control of a central institute such as All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and the respective Universities concerned.

World Class Education:

Indian government is not giving priority to the development of Standard in education. India should aspire for the international standard in education. To achieve that goal it should adopt uniform international syllabus in its educational institutions.

Many national universities like in the USA, UK, Australia, etc. allow studies in higher education for foreign students in their countries and through correspondence courses as well. In the same way India Universities of world class education can also offer courses of studies to foreign students taking advantage of the globalization process.

Personality Development:

Finally, education should be for the flowering of personality but not for the suppression of creativity or natural skill. In the globalized world opportunities for the educated people are naturally ample in scope. As a result business process outsourcing (BPO) activities have increased competition in the world trade leading towards the production of quality goods and their easy availability everywhere in the world market. That is the way the world can be developed for peace, prosperity and progress by able and skilful men. 

Inter-personnel & communication skills theory

Meaning of Communication

Transmission of meaning from one person to another or to many people is communication, whether verbally or non-verbally. Communication from one person to another is commonly depicted as a simple triangle consisting of the context, the sender, the massage, and the receiver. In the work area Communication skills have great importance just as they have in all areas of life. Communication skills such as being able to express one or to understand the others correctly are required for success and satisfaction at least in elementary level for most of the professions. Even though an organization performs its tasks more efficient than expected, one should know that this success will not continue so long if it lacks the same efficacy in communication. The success of communication depends on several factors. Transmission of message by the process of encoding and decoding the message, which may result in short-term perception, is not adequate for the success of communication. Communication should be in such away that will give opportunity for the respondent or receiver to take decision with regard to the message he perceived.

Meaning of Interpersonal Communication

The concept of Inter Personal Communication (IPC) skills was introduced primarily in 1950s. Ability to work well with people, and involve your acceptance of others, without prejudice is called IPC skills. Ability to respond to staff’s needs positively, fostering a non-discriminatory work environment where staff can develop to their full personal potentials, and delegating authority Interpersonal communication competence consists of a set of skills, knowledge about communication, and self-evaluation is IPC skills. The skills involved in good interpersonal communication include

1. Demonstrating caring, concern and commitment
2. Listening and Understanding
3. Problem solving and Motivating.

You can demonstrate that you care by expressing your understanding of the feelings and concerns of the other person and by letting them know that you want to help them. You can reflect the other person’s emotions back to them with facial expressions that show you are concerned. You can also provide verbal feedback to them to show acknowledgement and recognition of their fears and concerns. Listening and understanding involve more than simply being present while someone is speaking. Active listening means genuinely hearing the other person’s words. Often, we think we are listening, but we actually do not pay close attention or do not really hear what the other person is trying to say.

Everybody has their own & unique Ability and strengths. Inspite of how bad you might think of yourself, you are special, unique and one of a kind. Trust in your abilities, recognize your strengths and succeed in life. On the flip side, do recognize that even the weakest individual is better than you or me in some way or another. It may be intelligence or kindness or generosity or even grace

Emerson once said: Every man is my superior in some way. In that case, I learn of him.

Almost everyman you meet feels himself superior to you in some way, and a sure way to win a person’s heart is to let him or her realize that in some subtle way, you recognize his importance in his little world, and recognize it sincerely.

Salient features of IPC skills

• Think positively, and enter the mindset to work well with others and maintain good relationships. Do not criticize others or yourself.
• Be sensitive to others, this includes not gossiping.
• Be patient.
• Be cheerful and try to make others smile.
• Treat others and their experience with respect.
• Learn to listen, experts recommend listening 80% of the time and only talking 20%.
• If you’re not naturally confident or happy, fake it until you generally possess the desired characteristics.
• Praise and compliment people when they deserve it,
• When someone is telling a story, don’t interrupt or try to upstage them with a story of your own.
• Treat your team members and colleagues as friends and not as strangers or subordinates.
• When you’re unhappy, try your best to act happy anyway. You will end up feeling better and so will the people around you, your mood is contagious.
• Smile - even when you don’t feel like smiling.
• Look for solutions.
• When someone compliments you, don’t disagree or boast about it simply say thank-you with a smile and move on.
• Learn to appreciate, be helpful and not de-motivate your team members. Work as a team, not as an individual.
  This will achieve better results.

Behavior Psychology

Deal with people as though they are your client or boss and convey the message you want in a proper manner. (This includes rhythm of voice to make them comfortable with you.)

Beatrice Vincent once said: The people with whom you work reflect your own attitude. If you are suspicious, unfriendly and condescending, you will find these unlovely traits echoed all about you. But if you are on your best behavior, you will bring out the best in the persons with whom you are going to spend most of your working hours.

Robbins and Hunsaker (2003) reviewed a large number of studies and synthesized the IPC skills that surfaced on most lists Most of- these skills. belong to three categories - leadership, the process of communication and motivation .Interpersonal skills under leadership relate to leadership style, handling conflicts, running meetings, team building and promoting change. The process of communication includes sending messages, listening and providing feedback Similarly, motivating is broken down into goal setting, clarifying expectations, persuading and empowering. Other interpersonal skill include negotiating. The dimensions and components of above model are shown in the following table

Concept	Dimension	Component
Interpersonal communication skills (IPC)	1. Process of communication	1. Effective communication 2. Communication styles 3. Building relationships
	2. Motivation	1. Goal setting 2. Clarifying expectations
	3. Leadership	3. Self development 4. Stress management 5. Emotional intelligence 3. Leadership 1. Leadership style
		2. Values and ethics 3. Handling conflicts 4. Promoting change

Steps to Develop Your IPC Skills?

1. Networking

In addition to strong communication Skills and Personal Skills, Networking uses the Background skills of network building and motivating others. involves working with others in a group towards a common goal. This requires cooperating with others, being responsive to others’ ideas, taking a collaborative approach to learning, and taking a responsibility for developing and achieving group goals. The ability to actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others, and to maintain those contacts for mutual benefit. Teamwork uses the Background skills of collaboration, mentoring, decision-making and delegation.

2. Leadership

The process of successfully influencing the activities of a group towards the achievement of a common goal is called as leadership. As well as requiring strong communication Skills and Personal Skills, leadership uses the Background skills of mentoring, decision making, delegation and motivating others. A leader has the ability of influence others through qualities such as personal charisma, expertise, command of language, and the creation of mutual respect.

2. Background skills

(i) Decision making

• Identifying appropriate evidence and weighing up that evidence to make a choice for example, gathering and assessing information to find the best way to perform am experiment).
• Taking responsibility for a decision and its outcomes (for example, choosing a topic for a group presentation from a number of suggestions).

(ii) Mentoring

• Being a trusted advisor and helper with experience in a particular field. Actively supporting and guiding someone to develop knowledge and experience, or to achieve career or personal goals (for example, a third-year student mentoring a first year student, helping to adjust to he university experience).
• A mentoring relationship may be formal or informal, but must involve trust, mutual respect, and commitment as both parties work together to achieve a goal (for example, mentoring a younger member of a team to achieve better performance in the lead-up to a sporting event).

(iii) Group work

• any activity in which students work together;
• any activity which has been specifically designed so that students work impairs or groups, and may be assessed as a group (referred to as formal group work); or
• when students come together naturally to help each other with their work (referred to as informal group work).
• peer group activity in lab classes, tutorials etc.

(iv) Motivating others

• Generating enthusiasm and energy by being positive, focusing on finding solutions and maintaining a positive attitude even when things are not going well (for example, when something goes wrong, asking “What can we try now” instead of saying, “That should have worked better.”).
• Encouraging others to come up with solutions, listening carefully to their ideas and offering constructive feedback (for example, gathering suggestions for a group project, and giving each person’s ideas fair discussion).
• Being prepared to support others in taking agreed, calculates risks, and not blaming others when things go wrong (for example, one group member’s portion of a presentation receives a poor mark make sure that this student isn’t blamed by the group, and focus on learning from the mistakes).

(v) Delegation

• Taking responsibility for determining when to ask someone else to make a decision or carry out a task (for example, figuring out what is a fair distribution of the workload in a group project, and sharing responsibility with others).
• Distributing responsibility and authority in a group by giving someone else the discretion to make decisions that you have the authority to make (for example, as the chosen leader of a lab experiment team, you could assign tasks and decisions to different group members).

(vi) Collaboration

• Working cooperatively and productively with other team members to contribute to the outcomes of the team’s work (for example, dividing the workload and sharing the results of your own work with others in the group, or assisting members of the group who are having difficulty completing their tasks).

(vii) Network building

• Creating contacts with other people and maintaining those contacts (for example, meeting someone at a seminar with similar interests, and swapping email addresses with them).
• Acquiring and maintaining information about people who might be useful contacts for specific purposes (for example, seeking out people established in an industry you hope to work with one day).
• Using a contact in an ethical manner to help each of you meet specific goals, (for example, collaborating on projects of importance to both of you).

3. Networking

The ability to actively seek, identify and create effective contacts with others, and to maintain those contacts for mutual benefit. In addition to strong communication Skills and Personal Skills, Networking uses the Background skills of network building and motivating others. involves working with others in a group towards a common goal. This requires cooperating with others, being responsive to others’ ideas, taking a collaborative approach to learning, and taking a responsibility for developing and achieving group goals. Teamwork uses the Background skills of a collaboration, mentoring, decision making and delegation

Types of Leadership

Management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and what their attitudes are toward it, n the past several decades. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative, participative approach. Somewhere along the line, it was determined that not everything old was bad and not everything new was good. Rather, different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach.
Four of the most basic types of leadership are:
A. Democratic
B. Laissez-faire
C. Autocratic
D. Bureaucratic
Although good leaders use all the styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with one style.

A. Democratic Leadership Type

The democratic leadership type encourages employees to be a part of the decision making therefore it is also called the participative type. The democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision-making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the leader to be a coach who has the final say, but gathers information from staff members before making a decision. Democratic leadership can produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. Many employees like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale. Typically the democratic leader :
1. Develops plans to help employees evaluate their own performance
2. Recognizes and encourages achievement.
3. Encourages employees to grow on the job and be promoted
4. Allows employees to establish goals